诊断网络常用的6个命令：Ping ,ifconfig/ipconfig ,tracert/traceroute ,netstat ,Arp ,nslookup
中文详细用法见附件：网络常用命令.txt
网络常用命令
1.Ping
主要功能：该命令主要是用来检查路由是否能够到达。
Usage: ping [-t] [-a] [-n count] [-l size] [-f] [-i TTL] [-v TOS]
[-r count] [-s count] [[-j host-list] | [-k host-list]]
[-w timeout] [-R] [-S srcaddr] [-4] [-6] target_name
Options:
-t Ping the specified host until stopped.
To see statistics and continue - type Control-Break;
To stop - type Control-C.
-a Resolve addresses to hostnames.
-n count Number of echo requests to send.
-l size Send buffer size.
-f Set Dont Fragment flag in packet (IPv4-only).
-i TTL Time To Live.
-v TOS Type Of Service (IPv4-only).
-r count Record route for count hops (IPv4-only).
-s count Timestamp for count hops (IPv4-only).
-j host-list Loose source route along host-list (IPv4-only).
-k host-list Strict source route along host-list (IPv4-only).
-w timeout Timeout in milliseconds to wait for each reply.
-R Trace round-trip path (IPv6-only).
-S srcaddr Source address to use (IPv6-only).
-4 Force using IPv4.
-6 Force using IPv6.
2.ipconfig、ifconfig
主要功能：用来显示主机内IP协议的配置信息。
适用环境：ipconfi适用于Windows NT/2000/XP,ifconfig 适用于linux。
Usage:
ifconfig [-a] [-i] [-v] [-s] <interface> [[<AF>] <address>]
[add <address>[/<prefixlen>]]
[del <address>[/<prefixlen>]]
[[-]broadcast [<address>]] [[-]pointopoint [<address>]]
[netmask <address>] [dstaddr <address>] [tunnel <address>]
[outfill <NN>] [keepalive <NN>]
[hw <HW> <address>] [metric <NN>] [mtu <NN>]
[[-]trailers] [[-]arp] [[-]allmulti]
[multicast] [[-]promisc]
[mem_start <NN>] [io_addr <NN>] [irq <NN>] [media <type>]
[txqueuelen <NN>]
[[-]dynamic]
[up|down] ...
3.tracert/traceroute
主要功能：判定数据包到达目的主机所经过的路径、显示数据包经过的中继节点清单和到达时间。
适用环境：tracert适用环境于WIN95/98/2000/NT, traceroute适用于linux。
Usage: traceroute [-dFInrvx] [-g gateway] [-i iface] [-f first_ttl]
[-m max_ttl] [ -p port] [-q nqueries] [-s src_addr] [-t tos]
[-w waittime] [-z pausemsecs] host [packetlen]
4.netstat
主要功能：netstat程序有助于我们了解网络的整体使用情况。它可以显示当前正在活动的网络连接的详细信息，例如显示网络连接、路由表和网络接口信息，可以让用户得知目前总共有哪些网络连接正在运行。
适用环境：WIN95/98/2000/NT/linux
usage: netstat [-veenNcCF] [<Af>] -r netstat {-V|--version|-h|--help}
netstat [-vnNcaeol] [<Socket> ...]
netstat { [-veenNac] -i[<Iface>] | [-cnNe] -M | -s } [delay]
-r, --route display routing table
-i, --interfaces=[<Iface>] display interface table
-g, --groups display multicast group memberships
-s, --statistics display networking statistics (like SNMP)
-M, --masquerade display masqueraded connections
-v, --verbose be verbose
-n, --numeric dont resolve names
--numeric-hosts dont resolve host names
--numeric-ports dont resolve port names
--numeric-users dont resolve user names
-N, --symbolic resolve hardware names
-e, --extend display other/more information
-p, --programs display PID/Program name for sockets
-c, --continuous continuous listing
-l, --listening display listening server sockets
-a, --all, --listening display all sockets (default: connected)
-o, --timers display timers
-F, --fib display Forwarding Information Base (default)
-C, --cache display routing cache instead of FIB
5.Arp
主要功能：显示和修改“地址解析协议”(ARP) 所使用的到以太网的 IP 或令牌环物理地址翻译表。该命令只有在安装了 TCP/IP 协议之后才可用。
Usage:
arp [-vn] [<HW>] [-i <if>] [-a] [<hostname>] <-Display ARP cache
arp [-v] [-i <if>] -d <hostname> [pub][nopub] <-Delete ARP entry
arp [-vnD] [<HW>] [-i <if>] -f [<filename>] <-Add entry from file
arp [-v] [<HW>] [-i <if>] -s <hostname> <hwaddr> [temp][nopub] <-Add entry
arp [-v] [<HW>] [-i <if>] -s <hostname> <hwaddr> [netmask <nm>] pub <--
arp [-v] [<HW>] [-i <if>] -Ds <hostname> <if> [netmask <nm>] pub <--
-a display (all) hosts in alternative (BSD) style
-e display (all) hosts in default (Linux) style
-s, --set set a new ARP entry
-d, --delete delete a specified entry
-v, --verbose be verbose
-n, --numeric dont resolve names
-i, --device specify network interface (e.g. eth0)
-D, --use-device read <hwaddr> from given device
-A, -p, --protocol specify protocol family
-f, --file read new entries from file or from /etc/ethers
<HW>=Use -H <hw> to specify hardware address type. Default: ether
List of possible hardware types (which support ARP):
strip (Metricom Starmode IP) ash (Ash) ether (Ethernet)
tr (16/4 Mbps Token Ring) tr (16/4 Mbps Token Ring (New)) ax25 (AMPR AX.25)
netrom (AMPR NET/ROM) rose (AMPR ROSE) arcnet (ARCnet)
dlci (Frame Relay DLCI) fddi (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) hippi (HIPPI)
irda (IrLAP) x25 (generic X.25)
6.nslookup
主要功能：连接DNS服务器，查询域名信息的一个非常有用的命令。
Usage:
nslookup [-opt ...] # interactive mode using default server
nslookup [-opt ...] - server # interactive mode using server
nslookup [-opt ...] host # just look up host using default server
nslookup [-opt ...] host server # just look up host using server